ABSTRACT
A rare case of Acanthamoebae meningoencephalitis is diagnosed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of a 24 years old male suffering from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patient on the basis of bright field microscopy and culture growth on non-nutrient agar with Escherichia coli. This case illustrates that Acanthamoebae should be considered in the differential diagnosis of meningoencephalitis in AIDS in addition to tuberculosis and cryptococcus infection in tropical areas.
Subject(s)
Acanthamoeba/isolation & purification , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Adult , Amebiasis/complications , Animals , Cerebrospinal Fluid/parasitology , Cryptococcosis/diagnosis , Diagnosis, Differential , Humans , Male , Meningoencephalitis/parasitology , Tuberculosis/diagnosisABSTRACT
Fungal ball caused by Aspergillus species is an opportunistic infection. We describe a case report of a patient with culture positive Aspergillus fumigatus who presented with complaints of cough and expectoration with recurrent episodes of haemoptysis. Tuberculosis is the commonest cause of haemoptysis in India. However fungal ball is also one of the leading cause of haemoptysis. Hence laboratory evaluation of haemoptysis should not only include work up for tuberculosis but sample should also be submitted for mycological evaluation.
Subject(s)
Aspergillosis, Allergic Bronchopulmonary/diagnosis , Aspergillus fumigatus/isolation & purification , Cough/etiology , Diagnosis, Differential , Hemoptysis/etiology , Humans , India , Male , Middle Aged , Radiography, Thoracic , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/diagnosisABSTRACT
We report the prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern in our hospital located in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Out of total 549 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from different clinical specimens 301 (54.85%) were found to be methicillin resistant. More than 80% of MRSA were found to be resistant to penicillin, cotrimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, erythromycin, tetracycline, 60.5% to amikacin and 47.5% to netilmicin. However, no strains were resistant to vancomycin. Many MRSA strains (32.0%) were multi-drug resistant. To reduce the prevalence of MRSA, the regular surveillance of hospital associated infection, monitoring of antibiotic sensitivity pattern and formulation of definite antibiotic policy may be helpful.
ABSTRACT
A total of 7,904 persons visiting University Hospital of Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, were screened for HIV antibody by ELISA and/or rapid test. The overall seroprevalence of HIV (3.17%) in this area was higher than that of Uttar Pradesh and India as a whole. The seroprevalence of HIV/AIDS among the high risk group (HRG) (6.42%) being significantly higher than low risk group (LRG) (0.37%). In the LRG, the prevalence among medical and surgical patients; and ANC (antenatal cases) was 1.17% and 0.14%, respectively. However, HIV infection was not detected in HCWs (healthcare workers), BHU students and foreigners. Among HRG, CSWs (commercial sex workers) had the highest prevalence (14.0%) and STD (sexually transmitted diseases) patients, the lowest prevalence (1.99%). The STD patients had significantly lower prevalence rate as compared to others in HRG. Majority of the HIV positive were found to be within the age group 15-44 years, with heterosexual mode as the main route of transmission. Seven HIV positive children were of 2-5 yr old age group. Majority of seropositive women (62.52%) were working in a low income jobs and were mainly infected by their spouses who was mostly migrating labourers of lower socioeconomic group and with less than primary level of education. Married females, being mainly the spouses of HIV positive males had the highest seropositivity (60.25%). These population people were directly transmitting the infection from the metropolitan cities to the rural areas of this region. Prevalence of HIV-2 was negligible as compared to HIV-1, the actual reason is yet to be explored.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Age Distribution , Child , Child, Preschool , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Female , HIV Antibodies/blood , HIV Seropositivity/epidemiology , HIV-1 , HIV-2 , Humans , India/epidemiology , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle Aged , Risk Factors , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Sex DistributionABSTRACT
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is rising rapidly in the eastern Uttar Pradesh; however no data is available regarding its positivity rate. We have screened 1239 cases of various groups. HIV seropositivity rate of 0.28% was noted. These results suggest that HIV infection is spreading rapidly in this part of the country. M. tuberculosis was the commonest co-infection amongst them (29.5%). We recommend routine HIV screening of all patients of tuberculosis, especially if the persons frequent the cities, visit foreign countries where sex tourism is encouraged or stay away from their spouses for long periods as true history of sexual contact with commercial sex workers was difficult to obtain from them.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , HIV Infections/diagnosis , Humans , India/epidemiology , Male , Prevalence , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To study the proportion of HSV-1 encephalitis in acute viral encephalitis. METHODS: One hundred and five patients presenting with clinical diagnosis of acute viral encephalitis and with exclusion of other possible causes of acute inflammatory brain disease prevalent in the area by relevant laboratory investigations were included in the study. Ninety single CSF samples were tested for HSV-1 IgM antibodies by ELISA test supplied by Dia Medix Corporation, USA. CT Scan and EEG studies were carried out in 25 patients. RESULTS: Clinical and neuro investigational profile of patients suggested a low incidence of HSV-1 encephalitis in the study group. IgM antibodies were present in CSF sample of one patient only. CONCLUSION: HSV-1 encephalitis constitutes a very low proportion (1.1%) of acute viral encephalitis cases seen in Eastern Uttar Pradesh (India).
Subject(s)
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Herpesvirus 1, Human/isolation & purification , Humans , India/epidemiology , PrevalenceABSTRACT
A total of 6038 serum samples collected from individuals staying/residing in the eastern part of northern India, were screened for antibodies against HIV. The screening was done by ELISA and followed by confirmation of reactive samples by Western Blot. The seropositivity was detected in 154 (2.6%) persons. The prevalence amongst high risk groups was 68/1000 while it was 2.8/1000 in low risk population. The male to female ratio was 1.8:1 in seropositives. Increase by more than three folds in the prevalence was observed from 1994 (1.5%) to 1997 (5.0%). About 50% of the seropositives were in their third decade of life. Seropositives were predominantly (> 90%) from eastern Uttar Pradesh. Almost all the cases could be linked to Mumbai, one of the largest commercial and industrial centres of India.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , HIV Antibodies/blood , HIV Infections/epidemiology , HIV-1/immunology , Humans , India/epidemiology , Male , Middle Aged , PrevalenceABSTRACT
Fifty-seven infertile women were studied for presence of chlamydial infection by detecting antichlamydial antibodies using indirect immunoperoxidase assay technique. Laparoscopy was performed in all of them. Inflammatory changes in fallopian tubes were present irrespective of serological status. Thus no rigid criteria for carrying out laparoscopy can be made. A high index of suspicion is required for detection of chlamydial infection as it runs an indolent course with no specific symptoms.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Bacterial/blood , Case-Control Studies , Chlamydia Infections/blood , Chlamydia trachomatis/immunology , Fallopian Tube Diseases/blood , Female , Humans , Immunoenzyme Techniques , Infertility, Female/microbiology , Inflammation , Laparoscopy , Matched-Pair Analysis , Serologic Tests , Severity of Illness IndexABSTRACT
One hundred patients of vaginitis along with 50 age matched control women were studied. Non-specific vaginitis (NSV) was diagnosed on the basis of the presence of at least any three of the four parameters which included presence of thin gray homogeneous discharge, pH of the discharge greater than or equal to 4.5, liberation of fishy odour from the discharge after adding 10 per cent KOH and presence of clue cells Using these criteria, NSV was diagnosed in 22 of the 100 patients and in 4 of 50 control women. Gardnerella vaginalis was cultured from 23 of the 26 women with NSV and 19 women without NSV (8 patients and 11 normal women). Women with NSV showed statistically significant difference in the presence of clue cells, amine test positivity and concentration of G. vaginalis as compared to women without NSV.
Subject(s)
Amines , Diagnosis, Differential , Female , Gardnerella vaginalis , Haemophilus Infections/epidemiology , Humans , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , India/epidemiology , Predictive Value of Tests , Vaginal Smears/standards , Vaginitis/diagnosisABSTRACT
Cord blood samples collected from 150 newborns were tested for HBsAg using micro ELISA technique. Only 8 (5.3 per cent) out of 150 samples were found to be positive for HBsAg in variable titres. It is important to identify these HBsAg positive newborns so that appropriate measures could be adopted at the earliest to prevent the complications of HBsAg carriage.
Subject(s)
Carrier State/diagnosis , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Fetal Blood/immunology , Hepatitis B/diagnosis , Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/blood , Humans , Infant, NewbornABSTRACT
Twenty patients with aphthous ulcers were advised deglycyrrhizinated liquorice (DGL) mouth wash and were followed for two weeks. Fifteen patients experienced 50-75% improvement within one day followed by complete healing of the ulcers by third day.
Subject(s)
Glycyrrhiza , Humans , Mouthwashes , Plant Extracts/administration & dosage , Recurrence , Stomatitis, Aphthous/drug therapyABSTRACT
A total of 100 women with vaginitis and 50 age matched healthy women were studied for common infective agents of vaginitis. The vaginal secretions collected from these women were examined for Trichomonas vaginalis, G. vaginalis, and Candida species. The prevalence of infective agents in the patients was T. vaginalis 11 per cent. Candida species 30 per cent and Gardnerella vaginalis 31 per cent. In contrast, in the control group the prevalence was Candida species 14 per cent and G. vaginalis 22 per cent. T. vaginalis was not isolated from any of the control women. Mixed infections with G. vaginalis and Candida species were seen in four cases and T. vaginalis and Candida species in one case only. Mixed infection with T. vaginalis ahd G. vaginalis was not observed in any of the patients studied.